1.Tigris

 

 

 

2.Euphrates

 

 

 

3.The Gulf

 

 

 

4.Mediterrnean Sea

 

 

 

5.Taurus Mountains

 

 

 

6.Zagros Mountains

 

 

 

7.Mesopotamia

 

 

 

8.Sumer

 

 

 

9.Arabian peninsula

 

 

 

 

 

The two rivers start at the mountains and flow down to The Gulf and they flow trough present day Iraq.The rivers provided transportaction and tradeing routes for the people to use and they were used for irrigtaion to water the crops. The land that was between the two rivers was Mesopotamia the land was hot and cold it could reach up to 110 degrees. When the rivers flooded a thing called silt was depostited it was great for growing crops in.

 

 

 

 

Sumerian Civilization

 

 

 

Sumer was one of the first civilizations created.

 

 

 

Five Characteristics of a Civilization - Examples from Sumer

 

 

 

Advanced Cities -Kish,Nippur,Ur

 

 

 

Specialized Workers -priest,king,artisan

 

 

 

Complex Institutions -the temple, the army, schools

 

 

 

Record Keeping -writing

 

 

 

Advanced Technology -irrigation, bronze tools

 

 

 

 

Ziggurat

Ziggurat is the largest building and the most important structure in the city. It was located in the center of the city.

 

 

Gods and goddesses

Gods and Goddesses, Sumerians believed in many Gods and Goddesses that is call polytheism.Each city had there own god they worshiped.

 

 

 

Social classes

 

 

Top:Kings and priest

upper class:landowners, government offials and rich merchants

Middle:  All free people ,Framers, Artisan

Bottom: Slaves

 

cuneiform,  is a very complex writing systems. It contained about 600 different symbols.It took years to learn it so not many people new hoe to do the writing. They were writen with a stlus to press marking ito the clay tablet.Because of the shape of the stylus it made wedge markings in the clay.

   

 

 

 

 

Sumerian Inventions

 

 

 

Potters wheel 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plow

 

 

Mesopotmia Empires

 

1.Akkadian Empire,there ruler was Sargon.He spread akkadain ideas and ways of life.The most important ideas was the Akkadian system o writing. It fell to out side invaders it only lasted 200 years.

2. Babylonian Empire, they were invaded by the Amorites. There ruler was Hammuradi.He used governors to help him controll land and people to collect tax money. He made the code of laws to have justice to the people.

3. Assyrian,ruler was Ashurbanipal. They had iron swords, iron tipped spears,chariots,horses and fought on foot that was there strengths. But they had weaknesses they were cruel to people they had chaptured.they fell to two of there enemies the medes and the Chaldeans.Those groups joined together and defeated them.

 

 

 4.Chalden Empire,ruler Nebucchadnezzar II.he made the huge colorful Ishtar gate,The tower of Babel that there astronomers used to study the skies and The Hanging Grandens of Balylon with he made for his wife who was missing her home land.

 

 

 

 The Medes ruled over Persia befor the Persians. Persians, rulers Cyrus, Darius and Xerxes. Cyrus ran with toleration and made firends with people he captured insted of making them do what he wants. Darius made minted coins, set up law code, made provinces, made satraps and started the use of the Royal Road.

 

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Egypt

 

There are these kingdoms in Egypt called the Old KIngdom, the Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom. The Old Kingdom was the time the Great Pyramid was built and the time Egypt started to gain power. The Middle Kingdom was mostly about they started to loses there power and were invaded by the Hyksos who took over and ruled. The New Kingdom was about the Pharohs like Hatshepsut who was a women but no one really knows how she died some say she disapird or was murrderd by her step son. There was many great pharohs but it whould be a long time to name them all.